Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Management - Essay Example Why is it this so? It is clear that the globalization of markets has led to a paradigm shift in how organizations-and especially multinationals-conduct their business operations. The deregulation of national and regional markets has led to eradication of bottlenecks to cross border trade leading to increased competition for the vast and diverse, global markets. Porter’s competitive model was build based on the prevailing economic conditions of the eighties. It assumed the classical perfect market conditions of intense competition and a relatively stable market structure that is subject to cyclical developments. Therefore, by design, this model loses significance in the modern global market. Modern global business is characterized by dynamic markets where industries have complex and multiple relations and product groups (Have, 2003). The upsurge of internet technology and e-business platforms has meant that the effectiveness of the model is in providing a still image of the ind ustry. This is as opposed to providing holistic projections of future trends and developments that can be ably translate into strategy for the particular market segment. The model assumes the idea of competition based on a need for profitability and market survival only loses relevance in modern markets. It wrongly approaches some of the five factors i.e. suppliers and customers as a threat to the organization that needs to be addressed. Modern economics postulate that business strategies should be focused in incorporating, as opposed to reacting to these particular factors (Miles, 2011). The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix was developed with a focus on the efficient allocation of resources within business enterprises. It adopts an evaluative criteria based on two prime factors i.e. market share and market growth has been widely used as a tool for portfolio planning, marketing and business strategy development. The basic principle in risk management is in diversification of ass ets through portfolio investments. The BCG model provides a useful pictorial comparison of the firm and its products versus the leading competitor and its products in the same market. The model, therefore, becomes a critical tool for implementing a firm’s short to medium-term profitability and growth objectives by providing forecast solutions of the market as it is now and as expected in the near future. In the short-run, the model is capable of providing strategies that are designed to provide quick-fix solutions to a firm. The disposal and optimization of loss making assets or ventures can be easily identified using this model. On the down side, the model, the model’s application is often limited to a scope of a year. The model lacks the ability to provide a long-term picture of the market conditions and thus strategy development towards achieving the firm’s overall long-term goals becomes very challenging. The BCG assumes a direct relationship between market shares, seems irrelevant in the current global market. There are small businesses in the small market segments especially within the information technology segment that have surpassed even the largest multinational corporations in profitability (Kaplan & Norton, 2000). The model also places an inaccurate reliance in market growth as a dominant factor in determine the attractiveness of a market segment. There are other factors such as aggregate market risk and regulation that equally influence

Sociology Character Analysis of Sex and the City Term Paper

Sociology Character Analysis of Sex and the City - Term Paper Example She is known for her distinct fashion sense particularly in footwear which is conspicuous in season four where she is invited to be a part of a New York fashion show. She stays in an apartment and works on her PowerBook where she writes newspaper articles discussing the different aspects of a relationship. In subsequent seasons of the show, she comes up with a collection of her essays as a book and commences taking assignments from Vogue which is a New York Magazine. The show portrays her as a home-person, proud of her one-bedroom in a rent-disciplined apartment which is in an Upper East Side brownstone. Though she has always been in long-term relationships with her boyfriends, she is entangled with a character called Mr. Big, played by Chris Noth who deciphers a complicated and multi-faceted on an off relationship. Carrie Bradshaw seems like a sexually liberated woman and a glamorous exemplar of modern femininity. She is a wonderful sex columnist who does not need men for any sort of support or stability in life as she has a strong bond with the rest of the pals she lives with. She has encouraged females across the world to have a bold ownership on their femininity. Although, a raunchy dude-like talk is a part of Carrie's accent which is associated with her male player counterparts, she never fails to witness a soft, feminine side of her personality when her heart was broken. Feminism Feminism may be construed in many ways to many people. It refers to the theory of unjustly inequality to men because of the social meaning of their bodies (Faulconer). As a result, feminism can be referred to as the system of thought or a movement which incorporates a variety of views on the nature of women as they believe in a pluralistic vision of the world which equally regards importance to the experiences of women of all races and classes (Richards, 1992). Carrie is a successful woman, and she considers identity on the top as the development of a sense of self is an important aspect if one needs to concept his values, abilities and hopes for the future (Arnett, 2001, p. 370). Being a media person, she has successfully witnessed the tool kits of possibilities for most of the dimensions such as work, love and idiosyncrasies. She, being an independent person, never preferred anybody else to take hold of her life. This is evident from an episode of Season four of the 'Sex and the Ci ty' series, when the girls meet up for lunch in order to catch up and Carrie reveals that she and Aidan have exchanged keys to each other's apartments. When she comes back home she discovers Aidan cooking in her kitchen which was never used before. Furthermore, her computer was crashed and the access of several files was denied. She was chastised by Aidan for not backing up her material. Though, they go to a computer repairing shop so in order to get her system repaired, the

Strategic planning within organizations Dissertation

Strategic planning within organizations - Dissertation Example The paper tells that strategic planning within organizations is one of the most essential aspects of both sustainability and growth. Without the ability to meet the needs of strategic planning, there is the inability to move forward with specific needs and to reach the full potential of the organization. While strategic planning is required for the development of a company, the implementation and the end goals are often not met. The problems which arise are based on the various aspects of the organization and how it associates with the needs of each of the goals. Leadership capacities, communication tools, participation and the ability to reach smaller and larger goals through various initiatives are some of the several areas in which strategic planning is not implemented in the correct manner. This is followed with complexities which arise from the organizational culture and the expectations which are associated with meeting change or resistance to the workforce that is a part of th e organization. Defining the specific problems and understanding why end goals and implementation is not met is then shown as one which identifies levels and dimensions of difficulties that are within the work force. The approach which is taken toward strategic planning and implementation is one which is based on the understanding of taking action within a corporation. Without the correct strategies, there is the inability to provide higher amounts of sustainability and growth within a company. However, there are often problems and difficulties with creating the required changes. This literature review will examine the various aspects of strategic planning and implementation as well as how it alters according to the difficulties which are in the organizational culture. The review will examine the various dimensions that are associated with strategic planning. It will further define the obstacles that do not allow the plans to be implemented at various levels within an organization. There will also be reference to theories which are created to alter the strategic planning so it becomes one that is associated with constructive results with businesses that work in creating new plans within the organization. Dynamics of Strategic Planning There are specific dynamics with strategic planning as well as obstacles which stop the goals from being met. Defining the obstacles is the first step to altering the performance as well as the ability to finalize the strategies into action. According to a current study (Mollaoseini, Ahmadhkhani, 2012), there are diverse obstacles which create the resistance and stop the dynamics of change and strategic development. The study showed that the problem with the final strategy and implementation is inclusive of 68.09% planning consequences, 65.48% organizational obstacles, 60.40% managerial obstacles, 72% staff obstacles and 63.99% environmental obstacles. The indications of this are based on showing that the dynamics within an organ izational structure carry diverse obstacles that create resistance and which lead to a lack of implementation with

Sociology Character Analysis of Sex and the City Term Paper

Sociology Character Analysis of Sex and the City - Term Paper Example She is known for her distinct fashion sense particularly in footwear which is conspicuous in season four where she is invited to be a part of a New York fashion show. She stays in an apartment and works on her PowerBook where she writes newspaper articles discussing the different aspects of a relationship. In subsequent seasons of the show, she comes up with a collection of her essays as a book and commences taking assignments from Vogue which is a New York Magazine. The show portrays her as a home-person, proud of her one-bedroom in a rent-disciplined apartment which is in an Upper East Side brownstone. Though she has always been in long-term relationships with her boyfriends, she is entangled with a character called Mr. Big, played by Chris Noth who deciphers a complicated and multi-faceted on an off relationship. Carrie Bradshaw seems like a sexually liberated woman and a glamorous exemplar of modern femininity. She is a wonderful sex columnist who does not need men for any sort of support or stability in life as she has a strong bond with the rest of the pals she lives with. She has encouraged females across the world to have a bold ownership on their femininity. Although, a raunchy dude-like talk is a part of Carrie's accent which is associated with her male player counterparts, she never fails to witness a soft, feminine side of her personality when her heart was broken. Feminism Feminism may be construed in many ways to many people. It refers to the theory of unjustly inequality to men because of the social meaning of their bodies (Faulconer). As a result, feminism can be referred to as the system of thought or a movement which incorporates a variety of views on the nature of women as they believe in a pluralistic vision of the world which equally regards importance to the experiences of women of all races and classes (Richards, 1992). Carrie is a successful woman, and she considers identity on the top as the development of a sense of self is an important aspect if one needs to concept his values, abilities and hopes for the future (Arnett, 2001, p. 370). Being a media person, she has successfully witnessed the tool kits of possibilities for most of the dimensions such as work, love and idiosyncrasies. She, being an independent person, never preferred anybody else to take hold of her life. This is evident from an episode of Season four of the 'Sex and the Ci ty' series, when the girls meet up for lunch in order to catch up and Carrie reveals that she and Aidan have exchanged keys to each other's apartments. When she comes back home she discovers Aidan cooking in her kitchen which was never used before. Furthermore, her computer was crashed and the access of several files was denied. She was chastised by Aidan for not backing up her material. Though, they go to a computer repairing shop so in order to get her system repaired, the

The Relationship between Working Parents and Children Socialization Essay Example for Free

The Relationship between Working Parents and Children Socialization Essay First Part The Problem of the Study and its Importance The importance of this study arises from its subject socialization, which hardly reflects many social, cultural and political problems that any society may live at any stage of its history, where during socialization process transferring the values and norms of society in which he wished planted in the hearts of its citizens to preserve the entity and deal with its problems. About Kuwaiti society it seems more important in this period of its history, which saw open to the world cultures out side Kuwaiti state and seek with global problems, that period also increased the degree of urbanization and complexity in the social systems that simple traditional Arab society, which was based on direct relations and Layout and tribal system, but now they have become the socialization process more difficult and complex and become dangerous, because women left for work and hiring nannies foreigners in the upbringing of children, which led to the shrinking role of the family in the process of generations socialization. The family is the first and the largest social institution that carry responsibility is rearing generations, but unique in some stages of its history. The family is the social association consists of a husband, wife and children or without children. may also consist of the husband alone with a children or wife alone, with their children. The family has expanded to include grandparents, and some relatives to be involved in one living with the husband and wife and children (Ogburn Nimkoff, 1995). The family may be defined as the smallest, organized, and most basic durable network of survival (Stackm 1996, P.31) we define family as any group of people related either biologically, emotionally, or legally. That is, the group of people that the patient defines as significant for his or her well-being (McDaniel et al., 2005, P.2). As the social environment in which the child relates to outside world, and responsible for giving the child attributes and characteristics of his personality and the styles parents in the upbringing consequent results reflected in the extremely important on the personality of children as well as the type of relationship that grows between parents and children and how the transaction is a significant factor included in the formation of the childs personality. (CM. Felming 1999, P26). The family is the first social unit, which carry the responsibility of upbringing children and trying to provide them with characteristics and attributes that help them to be good citizens in society, as well as prepare them socially to be able to confront live conditions and have the ability to face the problems met during their daily lives, also the family permissive atmosphere may satisfy children emotional needs, because if the child feel safe and trust in the family , it makes him adjustment with their people around him. The socialization process of preparing the individual from birth, to be a social and a member in society. The family is the first environment responsible this preparation by receiving child, learn him social behavior and learn native language and cultural heritage as customs, traditions, social traditions and take, it seems resistance to these specifications and values in the same ones arise as a viable member of society and the family in this would hardly have an environment in which the other. Young humans are the most helpless of all creatures: unable to feed themselves, walk, and talk for many months, and not fully independent for many years. Young children have the biological potential to learn human skills, but they cannot do so alone. The few known cases of children reared in isolation – children who survived with absolute minimum care – indicate that humans cannot even learn to walk without social contact.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The nature of early human interaction was of particular interest to the American Sociologists Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead, Cooley developed the concept of the â€Å"looking-glass-self† – the idea that we develop individual identity by how others see us, Mead elaborated on this idea with his notion of significant others – people whose judgments are important to us. Children first shape their behavior according to norms enforced by significant others. In time, they obey guidelines on their own. They have developed a conscience through a process that sociologists call internalization. Human learn the ways of the society from agents of socialization. The most important of these in a child’s early years is the family. Through it, the child acquires the first statuses and rules (son or daughter, brother or sister) and learns basic values and norms. (for instance – sex role socialization – the different behaviors expected of male and female). At an early age, at least, a child is also exposed to other agents – television. While tv entertains and communicates knowledge, it also imparts values such as competitiveness and violence as a solution to problems. Communities are different like social and educational institutions in the path taken by the methods and means of the practice of socialization of its members in an attempt to preserve its existence and transfer of their culture and their heritage to future generations, and families are different in the educational methods and ways of socialization, which parents deals with their children in the daily situations of for controlling their behavior and orientation and acquisition of the desired behavioral patterns derived from religion, language, values, traditions and knowledge of parents, and this difference is due to several factors, some of them related to parents themselves the educational and cultural level and the level of economic and social status of the family and other factors related to the construction of culture and circumstances of the family addition the parents acquired during their childhood and their educational and life experience, as well as the conditions of society itself and the degree of urbanization faced by the goals it seeks to achieve. The changes that have taken place in Arab Society in General and Kuwaiti society in particular led to the effects of direct and indirect on socialization process which, the Kuwaiti society is a homogeneous society has cultural identity and religious and nationality Kuwaiti society affected by global changes and the culture of the neighboring States, both in patterns Conduct or social practices, which led to changes in methods of socialization for social change undergone by the community must be taken into account in the study of socialization trying to understand the methods and the associated problems where family relations in general is linked to culture and prevailing conditions of society, so a social studies confirm a change in the pattern of relations prevailing in the Arab society in general and in particular the Gulf society and the Saudi society as one of the society that have undergone a period of rapid economic and social change over the past decades, what to call the peri od of economic boom. These socioecomic changes included cultural changes, including family pattern of dealing in particular with regard to the authority of the father in the family, which led to some sort of disagreement among some families in terms of decision-making in many things related to children. (Abd El Aziz El Shatry, 2004. P12).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Socialization is a learning process that begins shortly after birth.   Early childhood is the period of the most intense and the most crucial socialization.   It is then that we acquire language and learn the fundamentals of our culture.   It is also when much of our personality takes shape.   However, we continue to be socialized throughout our lives.   As we age, we enter new statuses  and need to learn the appropriate roles  for them.   We also have experiences that teach us lessons and potentially lead us to alter our expectations, beliefs, and personality.   For instance, the experience of being raped is likely to cause a woman to be distrustful of others. http://anthro.palomar.edu/social/soc_1.htm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Looking around the world, we see that different cultures use different techniques to socialize their children.   There are two broad types of teaching methodsformal and informal.  Ã‚  Formal education  is what primarily happens in a classroom.   It usually is structured, controlled, and directed primarily by adult teachers who are professional knowers.   In contrast,  informal education  can occur anywhere.   It involves imitation of what others do and say as well as experimentation and repetitive practice of basic skills.   This is what happens when children role-play adult interactions in their games. http://anthro.palomar.edu/social/soc_1.htm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most of the crucial early socialization throughout the world is done informally under the supervision of women and girls.   Initially, mothers and their female relatives are primarily responsible for socialization.   Later, when children enter the lower school grades, they are usually under the control of women teachers.   In North America and some other industrialized nations, baby-sitters are most often teenage girls who live in the neighborhood.   In other societies, they are likely to be older sisters or grandmothers. http://anthro.palomar.edu/social/soc_1.htm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the 1950s, Margaret Mead led an extensive field study of early socialization practices in six different societies.   They were the Gusii  Ã‚  of Kenya, the Rajputs  Ã‚  of India, the village of Taira  Ã‚  on the island of Okinawa in Japan, the Tarong  Ã‚  of the Philippines, the Mixteca  Ã‚  Indians of  central Mexico, and a New England community that was given the pseudonym Orchardtown.   All of these societies shared in common the fact that they were relatively homogeneous culturally.   Two general conclusions emerged from this study.   First, socialization practices varied markedly from society to society.    Second, the socialization practices were generally similar among people of the same society.   This is not surprising since people from the same culture and community are likely to share core values and perceptions.   In addition, we generally socialize our children in much the same way that our parents socialized us.   Margaret Mead and her fellow researchers found that different methods were used to control children in these six societies.   For instance, the Gusii primarily used fear and physical punishment.   In contrast, the people of Taira used parental praise and the threat of withholding praise.   The Tarong mainly relied on teasing and scaring. http://anthro.palomar.edu/social/soc_1.htm As the shift from extended family to nuclear family in Kuwaiti society to maximize family responsibility of the couple, house wife, who become people to become directly responsible for the care of all the affairs, which doubled because of increasing demands of modern life and the consequent accumulation of burdens also economic and social changes in Kuwaiti society and increasing opportunities for education and awareness among women led to participate in bearing the burden of living life by coming to work. Increasing women coming to work led to a change of roles within the family and led to the women to do anther works and roles, which impact on the care and socialization of children. The woman going out to work has important implications for building family. Human infants are born in our world without any culture, tradition or religion.   They must be transformed by their parents, teachers, and others into cultural and socially adept animals.   The general process of acquiring culture is referred to as  socialization.   During socialization, we learn the language of the culture  we are born into as well as the roles we are to play in life.   For instance, girls learn how to be daughters, sisters, friends, wives, and mothers.   In addition, they learn about the occupational roles that their society has in store for them. We also learn and usually adopt our cultures norms  through the socialization process.  Ã‚  Norms  are the conceptions of appropriate and expected behavior that are held by most members of the society.   While socialization refers to the general process of acquiring culture, anthropologists use the term  enculturation  Ã‚  for the process of being socialized to a particular culture.   You were enculturated to your specific culture by your parents and the other people who raised you. http://anthro.palomar.edu/social/soc_1.htm Socialization is important in the process of personality  formation.   While much of human personality is the result of our genes, the socialization process can mold it in particular directions by encouraging specific beliefs and attitudes as well as selectively providing experiences.   These very likely accounts for much of the difference between the common personality types in one society which is in comparison to one another.   For instance, the Semai  tribesmen of the central Malay Peninsula of Malaysia typically are gentle people who do not like violent, aggressive individuals.   In fact, they avoid them whenever possible. In contrast, the Yanomamà ¶Ã‚  Indians on the border area between Venezuela and Brazil usually train their boys to be tough and aggressive.   The ideal Yanomamà ¶ man does not shrink from violence and strong emotions.   In fact, he seeks them out.   Likewise, Shiite Muslim men of Iran are expected at times to publicly express their religious faith through the emotionally powerful act of self-inflicted pain. http://anthro.palomar.edu/social/soc_1.htm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even try to make appropriate and balance between working inside and outside the family including the following: Womens work leads to a redistribution of roles within the family and its profound impact on husband and wife psychology as well as its impact on children. Often accompanied by womens employment and redistribution of roles within the family conflict in these roles, which is reflected negatively children social up brining who leave and the woman going out to work where their ambitions in education and desire to occupy the highest positions from the point of her desire to marriage and independence the second makes it confuse two different things so that one at the expense of the other spouse publicized that the family unit is losing its essential component and thus begin differences that lead to conflict. Womens work may lead to increase the divorce rate and complains the courts due to marital troubles and problems, which could be seen as a result of disagreement between traditional values that put in the hands of men influence power and authority the new circumstances that opens new horizons for women. Accompanied of womens employment some problems as crime and juvenile delinquent as due to children left for domestic and nannies to care weaken social upbringing. Weaken values and religious values in addition to the effective of control of the parents of children with a sense of vacuum, all that highlights the social problems that lead children to deviance (Rafaat Besher, 2003, P.24). As the women employment in Kuwaiti state, and in the absence of sufficient nurseries have qualified supervision, as well as the economic boom, led to the hiring nannies and servants who carry out social service and welfare of children and their development and it is further bad that these nurses and workers from foreign countries differ culture, customs, traditions and the culture of healthy habits and the Kuwaiti society which has had a negative effect, including. (Ministry Of Working And Social Affairs, 1983, P60). Feeling of alienation and loss of children due to parental negligence. Lack of strong correlation and ties with one or both parents. Distribution of children between parents and nannies. Conflicting methods of socialization. Wide spreading of western social values which are different from the Kuwaiti values. Exposure to educational methods wrong. Impact the natural language acquisition and false information. The effects of foreign nannies seem in spreading of many of the practices and habits of Western society, which negatively affects the behavior patterns prevailing. Newspapers have several and numerous ethical and behavioral problems that occurred and practiced by servants and nannies and their impact on the upbringing of children (Refaat Bacheer, 2003, P. 243). Second Part Objectives of the study and its purposes The present study aims at identify the nature of socialization process and important techniques and methods of socialization that used by the family with working woman and other without working woman, also identifying factors effect on the nature of socialization. Purposes of the study 1- Identifying techniques and methods of socialization that was used by Kuwait families with their children. 2- Disclosure of the great differences between socialization techniques and methods of families with working woman and others without working woman. 3- The impact of the use of foreign nannies on the socialization of Kuwaiti child. 4- Identifying the affected factors on socialization process of Kuwait child. Third Part Questions of the Study What are the techniques and methods of socialization used by Kuwaiti family with children? and is there any different between these techniques and methods in both families with working woman and other without working woman ? What is the impact of using foreign nannies on socialization process for Kuwaiti child ? What is the impact of working woman on socialization process for Kuwaiti child? What are the main factors that affect a child’s socialization process in Kuwait? Fourth part Methodology of the Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The present study concerns with collecting data by using multi approaches through literature review related to the study problem,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Interview, social survey by sample way, schedule for two samples of families one of them includes working woman while other without working woman. In the following, the researcher will address, in detail, the study methodology : Literature review : The first step to conduct the present study is to shed light on literature review related to the study subject whether it focuses on socialization process or focuses on working woman in the Arab Gulf societies in general and in particular in Kuwaiti society. This part literature review will form and help the quality and design the study methodology. Family survey and interviews: The present study depends on social survey method to answer the study questions and to achieve its goals, also social survey may aims at identifying techniques and methods used by Kuwaiti families to social up bringing their children. Also the effect of using foreign nannies on socialization process for children. Social survey also will provide with information and experiences about these subjects, and describe the current situation, design plan or program for social reform. Finally it helps to understand the study problem and factors caused it (Robert Barker , 1999, P, 32) Sample: The researcher will select about (200) family to conduct the present study from Kuwaiti society, (100) of them has working woman and (100) family has non working woman. Sample of working wives work in the Ministry of Educational , the researcher will select similar sample taking in considerations the following variables : Disclosure of the great differences of families with working woman and the other families without working woman. Duration of the marriage is not less than 15 years. The existence of children, so the family should consists of not less than (3) children and their aged not les than (12) years. Data collectors The researcher will collect data by himself; he will meet families by using schedule interview. Data collection instruments: Questionnaires Recorder Handouts and Guides The schedule of Interview It consists of: Primary data Techniques and methods used by families in bringing up their children. The impact of working woman in socialization of their children Family suggestions to meet social problems due to working woman. Data Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Data analysis will use quantitative analysis of certain transactions transact   such as statistical ratio / middle / standard deviations , K2 / correlations, as well as qualitative analysis of the study data. The first and most important consideration in designing a study is its objectives. Statistical inference in particular, tests of statistical significance may be of little interest, in which case statistical power need not be considered in determining the sample size needed. A researcher may instead wish to monitor a particular area mainly as a descriptive tool. If data are gathered in a standardized fashion (Ralph et al.1993), the data from one area can contribute to regional or national monitoring programs, which likely have statistical inference as an objective. In many cases the number of stations will be limited by available resources or by the physical areas of interest. Some researchers will be able to establish one, or at most, a couple of demographic monitoring stations. In those cases placement of the station will usually be constrained by the location and size of the place of interest, by the density of the people of special concern, or be centered on the location of the families or persons of interest. Power calculations and sample size calculations both rely on the presumed magnitude of the effect in question. Clearly, the greater the presumed effect, the greater the power will be to detect that effect, and, conversely, the smaller the necessary sample size to detect an effect at a parental power. The difficulty here is that the true difference between groups is unknown, and furthermore one cannot necessarily use the observed magnitude of an effect (e.g., observed difference between two groups) as the criterion for judging power. The following is a selective review of some statistical terms relevant to a researcher conducting a monitoring study. Our intention here is to re- acquaint the reader with terms and principles that may have rested dormant for many years. Accuracy An estimator is accurate if it produces estimates that are, on average, close to the true value, i.e., without bias or with a minimum of bias. Accuracy is independent of precision (below). An estimate can be accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, or both accurate and precise. The difficulty is that often the true value is unknown and therefore accuracy is difficult to judge, except for simulated data where an investigator knows the true values. Bias The difference between the average estimate (more precisely, the expected value of the estimate) and the true value. Bias is not the same as à ¬errorà ®, rather it is one kind of error, systematic error. If an estimate is as likely to be an overestimate as it is to be an underestimate, the estimator in question is unbiased, even though there will always be error associated with an estimate. To minimize bias would, by de?nition, maximize accuracy. Precision Refers to the variability of the estimate: the smaller the variability (and thus the smaller the standard error) of the estimate, the greater the precision. As mentioned above, precision is independent of accuracy. An estimate can be very precise, but wildly inaccurate (i.e., strongly biased). Type I and Type II errors Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is correct is committing a Type I error. The probability of committing a Type I error is symbolized and is the significance level of a test of statistical inference. Duration of the study: It begins from selecting sample and collecting data; literature review and writing the final report of the study. Fifth part Time plan May Literature review June July August Identifying / selecting sample September October Design data collection instruments viability / validity November December Schedule test January Data collection February March April Data correction May Quantitative analysis Quantitative analysis June July Writing the research report August SIX PART: References Abd El Baset Mohamed Hassan, Social Research, Cairo , Wahba library, 1998. Abd El Aziz El Shatry , Family and its, Roles in Behavioral guidenc, ouet, Monhal Journal No, 563, 2001. B. Hurlock, Development of psychology, New Delhi , Mc Grow Hull , Publishing co, 1993. M, Felming, Adolesnt, social psychology , London, Rotelds kegan poul, 1999. Ibrahim Madkor, Social science Dictionary, Cairo, Publish institution for Books, 1990. Ministry of social Affairs on marking, the impact of foreign sisters , on the question family, Kuwait, 1993. McDaniel, S.H., Cambell, T.L., Hepworth, J., Lorenz, A. Family-oriented primary care (2nd ed). New York, NY: Springer , 2005. Stack, C.B. All our kin. New york, NY : Basic Books, 1996. Ogburn Nimkoff, technology and changing family, Cambridge , mass, 1955. Refat Besheer, social change in Arab gulf country , Dueit , Zot El salasl, 1987 Robert Barsker, Social work Dictionary, Washington N.A.S.W, 1999 Refe (united Nations Universal declaration of human rights. Retrieved July 11, 2005, From http://www.un.org/overview/rights.html , 1948.

Performance Analysis of Algorithms on Shared Memory

Performance Analysis of Algorithms on Shared Memory Performance analysis of algorithms on shared memory, message passing and hybrid models for stand-alone and clustered SMPs INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Parallel computing is a form of computation that allows many instructions to be run simultaneously, in parallel in a program. This can be achieved by splitting up a program into independent parts so that each processor can execute its part of the program simultaneously with the other processors. This can be achieved on a single computer with multiple processors or with number of individual computers connected by a network or a combination of the two. Parallel computing has grown outside of the high-performance computing community due to the introduction of multi-core3 and multi-processor computers at a reasonable price for the average consumer. Recent desktop and high performance processors provide multiple hardware threads technically realized by hardware multithreading and multiple processor cores on a single chip. Programmers will be faced with hundreds of hardware threads per processor chip as exploitable instruction level parallelism in applications is limited and the processor clock frequency cannot be increased any further due to power consumption and heat problems exploiting thread level parallelism becomes unavoidable if further improvement in processsor performance is required and there is no doubt that our requirements and expectations of machine performance will increase further. This means that parallel programming will actually concern a majority of application and system programmers in the foreseeable future even in the desktop and embedded domain. A model of parallel computation consists of a parallel programming model and a corresponding cost model . A parallel programming model describes an abstract parallel machine by its basic operations such as arithmetic operations spawning of tasks reading from and writing to shared memory or sending and receiving messages. Their effects on the state of the computation the constraints of when and where these can be applied and how they can be composed in particular a parallel programming model also contains at least for shared memory programming models a memory model that describes how and when memory accesses can become visible to the different parts of a parallel computer. The memory model sometimes is given implicitly a parallel cost model that associates a cost which usually describes parallel execution time and resource occupation with each basic operation and describes how to predict the accumulated cost of composed operations up to entire parallel programs A parallel programming model is often associated with one or several parallel programming languages or libraries that realize the model Parallel algorithms that are usually formulated in terms of a particular parallel programming model. OpenMP (Open Multi-Processing), Message passing Interface (MPI) and Hybrid OpenMP/MPI is a parallel programming model where communication between processes is done by interchanging messages. OpenMP is an API that supports multi-platform shared memory multi-processing programming in C,C++ and Fortran on most processor architectures and operating systems, including Solaris Linux,, AIX, HP-UX, Mac OS X and Windows platforms. MPI is a model for a distributed memory system where communication cannot be achieved by sharing of variables. The Message Passing Interface (MPI) is the de-facto standard for programming distributed memory systems as it provides a simple communication API and eases the task of developing portable parallel applications. Hybrid OpenMP+MPI facilitates cooperative shared memory programming across clustered SMP nodes. MPI provides communication among various SMP nodes whereas OpenMP manages the workload on each SMP node. MPI and OpenMP are used in tandem to manage the overall concurrency of the application. MOTIVATION As individual processors are not capable of solving the most significant computational problems because of their inherent complexity, the idea of putting multiple processors to work on a single program came into existence thus motivating the idea of parallel computing. Parallel computing is the use of a parallel computer to reduce the time needed to solve a single computational problem. it is a multiple-processor computer system supporting parallel programming. Two categories of parallel computers are multi-computers and centralized multiprocessors. Multi-computer is a parallel computer constructed out of multiple computers and an interconnection network where the processors on different computers interact by passing messages to each other. Centralized multi-processor( also called as symmetrical multiprocessor or SMP) is one where all the CPUs share access to a single global memory. EXISTING SYSTEM AND ITS LIMITATIONS Applications were designed to run on a single systems. But individual systems are not capable of solving the significant problems efficiently because of their inherent complexity. The limitation is that it cannot harness the capacity of a multi-core processor. Hence multi-threading the applications must be done. PROPOSED SYSTEM Parallel programming combines the distributed memory parallelization on the node interconnect with shared memory parallelization inside each node. The challenges and the potentials of the dominant programming models on hierarchically structured hardware is described : Pure MPI (message passing interface), pure OpenMP (with distributed shared memory extensions) and hybrid MPI+OpenMP in several flavors. We identify few cases where the hybrid programming model can indeed be the superior solution because of memory consumption or improved load balance and reduced communication needs. Hybrid programming introduces OpenMP into MPI applications makes more efficient use of the shared memory on SMP nodes, thus mitigating the need for explicit intra-node communication. Introducing MPI and OpenMP during the design/coding of a new application can help maximize efficiency, scaling and performance. At the recent time, the hybrid model has begun to attract more attention, for at least two reasons. The first is that it is relatively easy to pick a language/library instantiation of the hybrid model: OpenMP plus MPI. While there may be other approaches, they remain research and development projects, whereas OpenMP compilers and MPI libraries are now solid commercial products, with implementations from multiple vendors. The second reason is that scalable parallel computers now appear to encourage this model. The fastest machines now virtually all consist of multi-core nodes connected by a high speed network. The idea of using OpenMP threads to exploit the multiple cores per node (with one multithreaded process per node) while using MPI to communicate among the nodes appears obvious. Yet one can also use an â€Å"MPI everywhere† approach on these architectures, and the data on which approach is better is confusing and inconclusive. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND OBJECTIVES Multithreading of applications on a clustered system using hybrid methodology. The objective is to increase the performance of application on clusters using Hybrid methodology. APPLICATIONS Network intrusion detection, cryptography, multiparty computations are some of the core users of parallel computing techniques. Embedded systems increasingly rely on distributed control algorithms. A modern automobile consists of tens of processors communicating to perform complex tasks for optimizing handling and performance. conventional structured peer-peer networks impose overlay networks and utilize algorithms directly from parallel computing.

Analysis of Curiosity by Alastair Reid Essay -- essays research papers

The poem entitled â€Å"Curiosity† written by Alastair Reid is a symbolic poem that uses cats as a metaphor for humans. It relates felines to people in the sense of curiosity, and what could be considered actually living life to the fullest. Essentially, this work contradicts the popular phrase, â€Å"curiosity killed the cat† by placing it within a broader context. Instead of discouraging curiosity, Reid explains why people should embrace it. In the first stanza, the author argues that the cat may have died from curiosity, but that it may have been a chosen death. â€Å"Or else curious to see what death was like, having no cause to go on licking paws, or fathering litter on litter of kittens, predictably.† (lines, 2-5) Basically, the author is relating a cat’s lack of interest in life and curiosity in death to a suicidal situation. He is using predictability and boredom with life as a justifiable excuse to explore the depths of death, purely out of curiosity. The second stanza is the author’s first admittance that curiosity can be dangerous, but only when one is constantly distrusting what is ...